The http module in Python provides classes and functions for implementing web servers and clients. It includes low-level HTTP protocol handling, higher-level HTTP server and client functionalities, and various utilities for working with HTTP headers and status codes.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Key Classes and Functions
http.clientHTTPConnectionHTTPSConnectionHTTPResponseHTTPMessage
http.serverBaseHTTPRequestHandlerHTTPServerSimpleHTTPRequestHandler
http.cookiesSimpleCookieMorsel
http.HTTPStatus
- Examples
- Making an HTTP Request
- Creating a Simple HTTP Server
- Handling Cookies
- Using HTTP Status Codes
- Real-World Use Case
- Conclusion
- References
Introduction
The http module provides a set of tools for working with HTTP. This includes classes for creating HTTP clients and servers, handling cookies, and working with HTTP status codes. It is a versatile module that can be used to build web applications, APIs, and more.
Key Classes and Functions
http.client
The http.client module defines classes for making HTTP requests.
HTTPConnection
Represents an HTTP connection.
import http.client
conn = http.client.HTTPConnection("www.example.com")
conn.request("GET", "/")
response = conn.getresponse()
print(response.status, response.reason)
data = response.read()
conn.close()
HTTPSConnection
Represents an HTTPS connection.
import http.client
conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("www.example.com")
conn.request("GET", "/")
response = conn.getresponse()
print(response.status, response.reason)
data = response.read()
conn.close()
HTTPResponse
Represents the response from an HTTP request.
HTTPMessage
Represents the headers of an HTTP message.
http.server
The http.server module defines classes for creating HTTP servers.
BaseHTTPRequestHandler
Base class for handling HTTP requests.
HTTPServer
Class for creating an HTTP server.
from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
class SimpleHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
def do_GET(self):
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header("Content-type", "text/html")
self.end_headers()
self.wfile.write(b"Hello, World!")
server = HTTPServer(("localhost", 8000), SimpleHandler)
print("Server started on http://localhost:8000")
server.serve_forever()
SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
A simple HTTP request handler that serves files from the current directory and below.
http.cookies
The http.cookies module defines classes for handling HTTP cookies.
SimpleCookie
A class for parsing and creating HTTP cookie headers.
from http.cookies import SimpleCookie
cookie = SimpleCookie()
cookie["name"] = "value"
cookie["name"]["domain"] = "example.com"
cookie["name"]["path"] = "/"
print(cookie.output())
Morsel
Represents a single cookie value.
http.HTTPStatus
The HTTPStatus class provides constants for HTTP status codes.
from http import HTTPStatus
print(HTTPStatus.OK)
print(HTTPStatus.NOT_FOUND)
Examples
Making an HTTP Request
import http.client
conn = http.client.HTTPConnection("www.example.com")
conn.request("GET", "/")
response = conn.getresponse()
print("Status:", response.status)
print("Reason:", response.reason)
data = response.read()
print("Data:", data)
conn.close()
Output:
Status: 200
Reason: OK
Data: b'<!doctype html>\n<html>\n<head>\n <title>Example Domain</title>\n ...'
Creating a Simple HTTP Server
from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
class SimpleHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
def do_GET(self):
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header("Content-type", "text/html")
self.end_headers()
self.wfile.write(b"Hello, World!")
server = HTTPServer(("localhost", 8000), SimpleHandler)
print("Server started on http://localhost:8000")
server.serve_forever()
Output:
Server started on http://localhost:8000
Handling Cookies
from http.cookies import SimpleCookie
cookie = SimpleCookie()
cookie["name"] = "value"
cookie["name"]["domain"] = "example.com"
cookie["name"]["path"] = "/"
print(cookie.output())
Output:
Set-Cookie: name=value; Domain=example.com; Path=/
Using HTTP Status Codes
from http import HTTPStatus
print("Status Code:", HTTPStatus.OK)
print("Status Code:", HTTPStatus.NOT_FOUND)
Output:
Status Code: HTTPStatus.OK
Status Code: HTTPStatus.NOT_FOUND
Real-World Use Case
Creating a REST API with http.server
from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
import json
class APIHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
def do_GET(self):
if self.path == "/api/data":
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header("Content-type", "application/json")
self.end_headers()
response = {"message": "Hello, World!"}
self.wfile.write(json.dumps(response).encode())
else:
self.send_response(404)
self.end_headers()
server = HTTPServer(("localhost", 8000), APIHandler)
print("API server started on http://localhost:8000")
server.serve_forever()
Output:
API server started on http://localhost:8000
Conclusion
The http module in Python provides essential tools for working with HTTP. Whether you need to create HTTP clients or servers, handle cookies, or work with HTTP status codes, this module offers the functionality needed for web development and HTTP communication.
Comments
Post a Comment
Leave Comment