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In this article, I have summarized the best practices and there is a separate article to demonstrate each Java best practice with an example.
Let's get started!.
Java String Best Practices
- Use StringBuilder or StringBuffer for string concatenations instead of the + operator.
- Compare two string by equals() Method instead == operator
- Call .equals() method on known string constants rather than unknown variable
- Prefer switch( ) statement instead of multiple if-else-if.
- Use String.valueOf() instead of toString()
- Prefer StringUtility classes from different popular libraries because these utility classes are tested and well-known libraries.
- Avoid Duplicate Literals - Code containing duplicate String literals can usually be improved by declaring the String as a constant field.
- Using equalsIgnoreCase() is faster than using toUpperCase() or toLowerCase().equals()
- Avoid concatenating characters as strings in StringBuffer/StringBuilder.append methods.
- Consecutive calls to StringBuffer/StringBuilder.append should be chained, reusing the target object. This can improve the performance by producing a smaller bytecode, reducing overhead and improving inlining.
Java Collection Framework Best Practices
- Choosing the right collection/map
- Code for an interface, not for implementation
- Use generic type and diamond operator
- Prefer isEmpty() over a size()
- Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls
- Do not use the classic for loop
- Favor using forEach() with Lambda expressions
- Override equals() and hashCode() properly
- Implementing the Comparable interface properly
- Using Arrays and Collections utility classes
- Prefer concurrent collections over synchronized wrappers
- Use EnumSet instead of bit fields
- Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing
- Eliminate unchecked warnings
Java Exception Handling Best Practices
- Clean up resources in a finally block or use a Try-With-Resource Statement
- Throw Specific Exception
- Do not catch the Exception class rather catch specific subclasses
- Never catch a Throwable class
- Always correctly wrap the exceptions in custom exceptions so that stack trace is not lost
- Catch the most specific exception first
- Don’t ignore exceptions rather log the exceptions
- Never throw any exception from finally block
- Don’t use printStackTrace() statement or similar methods
- Use finally blocks instead of catch blocks if you are not going to handle the exception
- Validate user input to catch adverse conditions very early in request processing
- Throw exceptions with descriptive messages
Java Generics Best Practices
- Don’t use raw types
- Eliminate unchecked warnings
- Prefer Lists to Arrays
- Favor Generic Types
- Favor generic methods
- Use Bounded Wildcards to Increase API Flexibility
- Combine Generics and varargs Judiciously
- Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers
Java Enums and Annotations Best Practices
- Use enums instead of int constants
- Use instance fields instead of ordinals
- Use EnumSet instead of bit fields
- Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing
- Emulate extensible enums with interfaces
- Prefer annotations to name patterns
- Consistently use the Override annotation
- Use marker interfaces to define types
Java Serialization Best Practices
- Enable serialization compatibility during class evolution
- Do not deviate from the proper signatures of serialization methods
- Do not serialize unencrypted sensitive data
- Do not serialize instances of inner classes
- Do not invoke overridable methods from the readObject() method
- Avoid memory and resource leaks during serialization
- Prevent overwriting of externalizable objects
- Prevent deserialization of untrusted data
- Declare an explicit serial version UID in every serialization class you write
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