Is @Autowired Deprecated in Spring Boot? Everything You Need to Know

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📌 Is @Autowired Deprecated in Spring Boot?

No, @Autowired is NOT deprecated in Spring Boot. However, since Spring 4.3, it has been made optional if a class has only one constructor.

With Spring Boot 3+, the best practice is to use constructor injection without @Autowired, as Spring automatically injects dependencies when a bean has only one constructor.

🔹 What is @Autowired?

The @Autowired annotation is used in Spring to enable automatic dependency injection. It allows Spring to inject the required dependencies into a class automatically, without requiring manual object creation.

✅ Example: Using @Autowired to Inject Dependencies

@Service
public class ProductService {

    @Autowired
    private ProductRepository productRepository;

    public List<Product> getAllProducts() {
        return productRepository.findAll();
    }
}

💡 This tells Spring to automatically inject an instance of ProductRepository into ProductService.

📌 Why is @Autowired Optional in Spring Boot 3+?

Since Spring 4.3, @Autowired is not needed when using constructor-based injection, provided that there is only one constructor in the class.

✅ How Spring Automatically Injects Dependencies

If a class has a single constructor, Spring automatically injects dependencies without requiring @Autowired.

🚨 Before (Using @Autowired)

@Service
public class ProductService {
    private final ProductRepository productRepository;

    @Autowired // Not needed in Spring Boot 3+
    public ProductService(ProductRepository productRepository) {
        this.productRepository = productRepository;
    }
}

✅ After (Best Practice)

@Service
public class ProductService {
    private final ProductRepository productRepository;

    // Spring automatically injects this dependency!
    public ProductService(ProductRepository productRepository) {
        this.productRepository = productRepository;
    }
}

📌 Why is this better?

• Removes unnecessary annotations → Cleaner code
• Encourages immutability → Dependencies can be final
• Improves testability → Easier to mock dependencies

📌 When Do You Still Need @Autowired?

Even though @Autowired is optional, there are some cases where you still need it:

1️⃣ If There Are Multiple Constructors

If a class has multiple constructors, you must explicitly tell Spring which one to use by adding @Autowired to the desired constructor.

@Service
public class OrderService {
    private final PaymentService paymentService;
    private final NotificationService notificationService;

    @Autowired
    public OrderService(PaymentService paymentService, NotificationService notificationService) {
        this.paymentService = paymentService;
        this.notificationService = notificationService;
    }

    public OrderService(PaymentService paymentService) {
        this.paymentService = paymentService;
        this.notificationService = null; // Default behavior
    }
}

✅ Spring will inject dependencies into the @Autowired constructor.

2️⃣ When Using Field Injection (NOT Recommended)

If you use field injection, you must use @Autowired because Spring won't know where to inject the dependency.

@Service
public class UserService {
    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepository;
}

📌 Why is field injection NOT recommended?
❌ Harder to test (no easy way to mock dependencies).
❌ Less maintainable and less readable code.
✅ Use constructor injection instead!

3️⃣ When Using Setter Injection

If you use setter injection, @Autowired is required.

@Service
public class CustomerService {
    private CustomerRepository customerRepository;

    @Autowired
    public void setCustomerRepository(CustomerRepository customerRepository) {
        this.customerRepository = customerRepository;
    }
}

📌 Setter injection is useful when dependencies are optional.

4️⃣ When Using @Bean Method Injection

If you define a bean manually using a @Bean method, @Autowired is not needed, because Spring automatically injects dependencies.

@Configuration
public class AppConfig {

    @Bean
    public ProductService productService(ProductRepository productRepository) {
        return new ProductService(productRepository);
    }
}

✅ Spring automatically injects ProductRepository into ProductService.

📌 Should You Stop Using @Autowired?

You don’t need @Autowired in most cases if you use constructor-based injection in Spring Boot 3+.

✅ Best practice: Use constructor injection without @Autowired for clean, maintainable, and testable code.
✅ Still needed? Yes, for multiple constructors, setter injection, or field injection.

🚀 Conclusion

• ❌ @Autowired is NOT deprecated, but it's optional since Spring 4.3.
• ✅ Best practice: Use constructor injection without @Autowired whenever possible.
• 🔄 Use @Autowired only when absolutely necessary (e.g., multiple constructors, setter injection).

💡 Upgrading to Spring Boot 3? Start writing cleaner code by removing unnecessary @Autowired today! 🚀