Collections Framework – The Deque Interface

A deque is a double-ended-queue. A double-ended-queue is a linear collection of elements that supports the insertion and removal of elements at both end points. The Deque interface is a richer abstract data type than both Stack and Queue because it implements both stacks and queues at the same time.

The Deque interface defines methods to access the elements at both ends of the Deque instance. Methods are provided to insert, remove, and examine the elements.

Predefined classes like ArrayDeque and LinkedList implement the Deque interface.

Deque interface Methods

Note that the Deque interface can be used both as last-in-first-out stacks and first-in-first-out queues. The methods given in the Deque interface are divided into three parts:

Insert

The addfirst and offerFirst methods insert elements at the beginning of the Deque instance. The methods addLast and offerLast insert elements at the end of the Deque instance. 

When the capacity of the Deque instance is restricted, the preferred methods are offerFirst and offerLast because addFirst might fail to throw an exception if it is full.

Remove

The removeFirst and pollFirst methods remove elements from the beginning of the Deque instance. The removeLast and pollLast methods remove elements from the end. The methods pollFirst and pollLast return null if the Deque is empty whereas the methods removeFirst and removeLast throw an exception if the Deque instance is empty.

Retrieve

The methods getFirst and peekFirst retrieve the first element of the Deque instance. These methods don't remove the value from the Deque instance. Similarly, the methods getLast and peekLast retrieve the last element. 

The methods getFirst and getLast throw an exception if the deque instance is empty whereas the methods peekFirst and peekLast return NULL.

Deque Methods

Type of Operation	First Element (Beginning of the Dequeinstance)	Last Element (End of the Dequeinstance)
Insert	addFirst(e) offerFirst(e)	addLast(e) offerLast(e)
Remove	removeFirst() pollFirst()	removeLast() pollLast()
Examine	getFirst() peekFirst()	getLast() peekLast()

Deque interface Class Diagram

Below diagram shows a list of APIs/Methods that deque interface provides.

Deque interface Hierarchy Diagram

ArrayDeque implementation of Deque Interface Examples

Java ArrayDeque Example

import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.Deque;

public class ArrayDequeExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
     // Creating Deque and adding elements
     Deque<String> deque = new ArrayDeque<String>();
     deque.add("element1");
     deque.add("element2");
     deque.add("element3");
     // Traversing elements
     for (String str : deque) {
        System.out.println(str);
     }
   }
}

Output:

element1
element2
element3

Java ArrayDeque Example: offerFirst() and pollLast()

package com.javaguides.collections.queueexamples;

import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.Deque;

public class DequeExample {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
  Deque<String> deque = new ArrayDeque<String>();
  deque.offer("element1");
  deque.offer("element2");
  deque.add("element3");
  deque.offerFirst("element4");
  System.out.println("After offerFirst Traversal...");
  for (String s : deque) {
   System.out.println(s);
  }
  // deque.poll();
  // deque.pollFirst();//it is same as poll()
  deque.pollLast();
  System.out.println("After pollLast() Traversal...");
  for (String s : deque) {
   System.out.println(s);
  }
 }
}

Output:

After offerFirst Traversal...
element4
element1
element2
element3
After pollLast() Traversal...
element4
element1
element2

Java ArrayDeque Example: Book Class

import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.Deque;

class Book {
 int id;
 String name, author, publisher;
 int quantity;

 public Book(int id, String name, String author, String publisher, int quantity) {
  this.id = id;
  this.name = name;
  this.author = author;
  this.publisher = publisher;
  this.quantity = quantity;
 }
}

public class ArrayDequeExample1 {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
  Deque<Book> set = new ArrayDeque<Book>();
  // Creating Books
  Book b1 = new Book(101, "Let us C", "Yashwant Kanetkar", "BPB", 8);
  Book b2 = new Book(102, "Data Communications & Networking", "Forouzan", "Mc Graw Hill", 4);
  Book b3 = new Book(103, "Operating System", "Galvin", "Wiley", 6);
  // Adding Books to Deque
  set.add(b1);
  set.add(b2);
  set.add(b3);
  // Traversing ArrayDeque
  for (Book b : set) {
   System.out.println(b.id + " " + b.name + " " + b.author + " " + b.publisher + " " + b.quantity);
  }
 }
}

Output:

101 Let us C Yashwant Kanetkar BPB 8
102 Data Communications & Networking Forouzan Mc Graw Hill 4
103 Operating System Galvin Wiley 6

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